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- various directions which netted other fortresses. In pursuit of their ends
- they made free and treacherous use of th dagger, reducing assassination to
- an art. Their secret organization, based on Ismailite antecedents,
- developed an agnosticism which aimed to emancipate the initiate from the
- trammels of doctrine, enlightened him as to the superfluity of prophets and
- encouraged him to believe nothing and dare all. Below the grand master
- stood the grand priors, each in charge of a particular district. After
- these came the ordinary propagandists. The lowest degree of the order
- comprised the "fida'is", who stood ready to execute whatever orders the
- grand master issued. A graphic, though late and secondhad, description of
- the method by which the master of Alamut is said to have hypnotized his
- "self-sacrificing ones" with the use of hashish has come down to us from
- Marco Polo, who passed in that neighborhood in 1271 or 1272. After
- describing in glowing terms the magnificent garden surrounding the elegant
- pavilions and palaces built by the grand master at Alamut, Polo proceeds:
- "Now no man was allowed to enter the Garden save those whom he intended to
- be his ASHISHIN. There was a fortress at the entrance to the Garden, strong
- enough to resist all the world, and there was no other way to get in. He
- kept at his Court a number of the youths of the country, from twelve to
- twenty years of age, such as had a taste for soldiering... Then he would
- introduce them into his Garden, some four, or six, or ten at a time, having
- first made them drink a certain potion which cast them into a deep sleep,
- and then causing them to be lifted and carried in. So when they awoke they
- found themselves in the Garden.
-
- "When therefore they awoke, and found themselves in a place so charming,
- they deemed that it was Paradise in very truth. And the ladies and damsels
- dallied with them to their hearts' content...
-
- "So when the Old Man would have any prince slain, he would say to such a
- youth: 'Go thou and slay So and So; and when thou returnest my Angels shall
- bear thee into Paradise. And shouldst thou die, natheless even so will I
- send my Angels to carry thee back into Paradise.'"
-
- (from 'The Book of Ser Marco Polo, the Venetian', translated by Henry Yule,
- London, 1875.)
-
- The Assassination in 1092 of the illustrious vizir of the Saljug sultanate,
- Nizam-al-Mulk, by a fida'i disguised as a Sufi, was the first of a series of
- mysterious murders which plunged the Muslim world into terror. When in the
- same year the Saljug Sultan Malikshah bestirred himself and sent a
- disciplinary force against the fortress, its garrison made a night sortie
- and repelled the besieging army. Other attempts by caliphs and sultans
- proved equally futile until finally the Mongolian Hulagu, who destroyed the
- caliphate, seized the fortress in 1256 together with its subsidary castles
- in Persia. Since the Assassin books andrecords were destroyed, our
- information about this strange and spectacular order is derived mainly from
- hostile sources.
-
- As early as the last years of the eleventh century the Assassins had
- succeeded in setting firm foot in Syria and winning as convert the Saljug
- prince of Aleppo, Ridwan ibn-Tutush (died in 1113). By 1140 they had
- captured the hill fortress of Masyad and many others in northern Syria,
- including al-Kahf, al-Qadmus and al-'Ullayqah. Even Shayzar (modern Sayjar)
- on the Orontes was temporarily occupied by the Assassins, whom Usamah calls
- Isma'ilites. One of their most famous masters in Syria was Rachid-al-Din
- Sinan (died in 1192), who resided at Masyad and bore the title shakkh
- al-jabal', translated by the Crusades' chroniclers as "the old man of the
- mountain". It was Rashid's henchmen who struck awe and terror into the
- hearts of the Crusaders. After the capture of Masyad in 1260 by the
- Mongols, the Mamluk Sultan Baybars in 1272 dealt the Syrian Assassins the
- final blow. Since then the Assassins have been sparsely scattered through
- northern Syria, Persia, 'Uman, Zanzibar, and especially India, where they
- number about 150000 and go by the name of Thojas or Mowlas. They all
- acknowledge as titular head the Aga Khan of Bombay, who claims descent
- through the last grand master of Alamut from Isma'il, the seventh imam,
- receives over a tenth of the revenues of his followers, even in Syria, and
- spends most of his time as a sportsman between Paris and London.
-